Inspirative Soundscapes – The impact of music on the creative process

Thesis By Farzan Javed Masood Chishti

This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Bachelor of Fine Art in Graphic Design and Multimedia

College of Fine Arts & Design – University of Sharjah

Table of Contents

Abstract

1. Chapter Introduction

1.1 Background, Context, Rationale

1.2 Scope Objectives and Structure

1.3 Relevance of Paper

1.4 Literature Review

2. Definitions

3. Cases in which a artist/designer consciously or subconsciously was influenced by music in their work?

4. Data Collection and Presentation/ Interpretation of Data

4.1 Question one: Under what circumstances does music calm you or help you with the creative process?

4.2 Question two: Do you listen to music when you study or are creative?

4.3 Question three: What kind of music calms you?

4.4 Question four: How do you think music affects people?

4.5 Question five: Is music an important aspect of your life? Do you listen to music regularly?

5. Conclusion

6. Bibliography

7. Appendices

Abstract
My dissertation paper is going to discuss the effects of music on the mind of the human being. I will collect data regarding what people think of music and how they relate it to their lives. From this data, I will interpret and conclude the effect of music in the creative process. In many philosophical and scientific texts music is considered to link all of the emotional, spiritual, and physical elements of the human to the universe. The effects of music are so powerful that it can also be used to influence an individual or group’s mood, and it has been found to cause physical responses in many people simultaneously. Common logic and everyday experience proves that music has the ability to strengthen or weaken emotions from a particular event such as a concert or pleasant music at a party, or a cheerful happy birthday ‘sing a long.’

1. Introduction

1.1 Background, Context and Rationale

Music definitely has an effect on the mind of the listener, and is profoundly effective in enhancing the creative process. Since the Neolithic Age, when the initial development of music started, nearly every culture or race has some kind of music or singing that induces calmness or excitement-like effects. Recently, I have come to acknowledge the strong relationship between creativity, intelligence and music.

In the postmodern society, music is important because it is one of the few moments in life that helps you self-reflect. I have been listening to all sorts of music my whole life. Just recently, I have been exposed to research about western classical music. I believe listening to music helps me overcome creative blocks and helps me enhance my intellectual capacity, and smoothen over the tension that tends to restrain it. As a graphic designer, music helps me to get in the mood and focus on my work, creating a snowball effect, which makes my work, more interesting overall, and most important of all, consistent. While music may be wordless, it adds to my writing, while it may be invisible, it effects how I produce my drawings, photos and edit my videos, and while it may not be a person, it councils me with comfort and sometimes, even wisdom.

In 1993, psychologists discovered that listening to Mozart has increased a person’s intellectual ability (Campbell, 1997). Thus, I want to explore the same beneficial effects. By doing this research, designers and artists will benefit from this investigation because they will be able to use music to their advantage when they design. This research will be innovative because it will help designers be better at their work due to the fact, that music can help them work easier when they are under pressure, and this can be beneficial to their career.

The methodology I will use to do this research is that I will read books, magazine articles, and other sources of information to come to a better understanding of the importance and effects of music on the mind and the creative process. Further, I will also collect statistics about music from my peers in the university. These statistics will show what sort of music the design student believes helps them focus while they study. In addition, I will identify artists/designers who have explored music in a historical perspective

Before we can further delve into music, it would be good to come to an understanding of what music really is. Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from the Greek μουσική (mousike), ‘(art) of Muses’. Since music is a type of sound, it is of upmost importance to define sound also.

The method that I followed to approach my research goal is to structure a comprehensive essay that will be based on listing the scientific research, analyzing the research, and to compare the research outcome to other studies performed in the same subject.

By going through several books, magazine articles, and other sources of information I came to a better understanding of the importance and effects of music on the mind and the creative process. I will also collect statistics about music from my peers in the university.

My thesis relies mostly on several scientific researches that have already been conducted and also support these with statistical data that I collected. The research will discuss work by well-known scientists Shaw and Rauscher, Norman Weinberger, Julius Portnoy and Don Campbell. In addition it will discuss the importance of music to Wassily Kandinksy.

1.2 Scope, Objectives and Structure

My research focuses on identifying the effects of music on the human mind and the creative process. Specifically how music can be used to generate new ideas or help in creative fields such as graphic design and multimedia.

The issues I want to address are, to define sound, to identify the types of matter sound can travel through, what frequencies humans are able to hear, define what audio is, differentiate between analogue and digital audio, define music, and address cognition of music.

These points will be addressed in a number of chapters, such as

1. Introduction (which includes a literature review)

2. Definitions

3. Data Collection and Presentation/ Interpretation of Data

4. Conclusion.

1.3 Relevance of Paper

The purpose of this research paper is to have a clear understanding of what music really is and what the effects of music are on the mind, and how music can be used to enhance the creative process. Designers and visual communicators will benefit from this investigation at an academic and professional level. The students and practitioners of visual arts will also have greater chance to explore this field and add to the development of the role of music in the creative process.

1.4 Literature Review

Music affects the intellect of humans in various ways. In specific, it affects infants more than any other age group. Music has shown to improve learning, test taking, and concentration skills. With so much research behind the music-mind connection, a lot of curiosity spans across all various areas. An individual’s early learning experience determines which parts of the brain (neurons) will connect with each other and which ones will die off. The right side of the brain process information in a spontaneous way, in contrast to the left brain which processes information in a linear or sequential way. Subjects such as Math or English are left-brained.

Scientists in 1994 conducted research as a byproduct of an experiment using pre-schoolers. One group was trained for piano and keyboard lessons, another for computer lessons, a third for group received no training at all. After a period of 4 months, the students were measured on abstract reasoning tests, and the piano and keyboard students on average scored 34% higher than other children.

In 1993, two scientists, Gordon Shaw and Frances Rauscher from the University of California designed an experiment to prove that listening to Mozart’s music had a positive effect on the human brain. This research gave birth to the ‘Mozart Effect’.

Tame (2002), in ‘Does music effect the brain?’ refers to Norman M. Weinberger a neurobiologist from University of California, who argues that music exists in every culture and even young babies have musical abilities that are not explainable by learning. Mothers around the world sing to their babies to make them calmer and happier. He even explained the ‘Mozart Effect’ in terms of college students listening to Mozart they became smarter but the effect only lasted for a few minutes.

In addition, in the same book the musicologist Julius Portnoy states that music has the ability to change metabolic rates, effect blood pressure, and even digestion. According to his research classical music was found to have a calming effect on the body and increase feel good hormones such as endorphins, to such an extent that 30 minutes of Mozart is equal to the effect of a single dose of Valium.

In contrast music has been also shown to cause sickness and act like a poison to the body. Loud rock music caused plants to die, and soft classical music made them grow faster. In the same book Tame (2002), the author states ‘music is more than a language; it is the language of languages. It can be said that of all the arts, it is the one that more powerfully moves and changes the consciousness.

In a book written by Campbell (1997) titled ‘The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind, and Unlock the Creative Spirit’, a theory is discussed that listening to Mozart’s Piano Concertos may temporarily increase a person’s IQ, and also produce other beneficial effects on the brain. Campbell further states that the music helps to reduce stress, depression, anxiety, and improve memory and awareness.

A further investigation at Department of Psychology at Bellarmine College used complex pencil and paper mazes of different sorts and re-confirmed older research that listening to Mozart’s Music has a beneficial effect on the mind. Their research proved that an average student completed 2.68 mazes in 8 minutes while listening the music, and only 2.2 when completing the maze in silence. Music has such a profound and significant effect on people that scientists have yet to figure out the specifics of the effects in any great detail.

Similarly, at the University of California scientists Rauscher and Shaw researched a group of 36 college undergraduate students and found that they improved their ability to manipulate objects in three dimensional space after listening a 10 minute session of the Mozart Sonata

The researchers discovered that the reason behind this was due to a part of the brain called the cerebral cortex that helps with motor control, speech, memory and auditory perception. The two scientists concluded that listening to music may stimulate certain neurons in the cerebral cortex and thus improve intellectual performance.

The first publication of the ‘Mozart effect’ shows that the research participants had improved scores of approximately 8 or 9 points. Further analysis showed an increase of 1.4 general IQ points while listening to Mozart compared to silence.

Shemel (2008), in ‘Trance Music: Modern Shamanists at Work’, states that even hypnotists use a repetitive tone consistently in their practice, so that they can induce a state of mind to treat the patient. Currently in the age of post modernity, the new sort of electronic music such as trance and techno has also shown to produce similar effects. Those who study the human brain say that a sort of brain wave called the ‘Theta Wave’ is responsible for calmness and relaxation.

According to Begley (2000) in ‘Music on the Mind’, Academy of Pediatrics studies indicate that people who prefer heavy metal music have significant higher chances of substance abuse, suicide risk, and risk-taking behavior. Music affects people in different ways or the same person at different times in different ways. For example, if a person dislikes Jazz music, then it will not make him feel good. A person’s preference for specific kind of music also affects the effect the music will have on that person.

2. Definitions

Music is obviously an art that we perceive through or sense of hearing. Scientifically speaking it is composed of sound. A traveling wave which is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through the states of matter; solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations. (Online American Heritage Dictionary, 2009)

Humans have a limited sense of hearing within the frequency range of about 12 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20kHz). These limits are somewhat flexible and change with the age of the person. The upper frequency limit decreases as a person gets older. Other species such as canine, can detect sounds with frequency of upwards of 20 kHz. (D. Warfield, 1977) Since sound is one of the major senses it is used by many organisms to sense threat in their environment, hunt and communicate. All physical phenomenon exhibit and are characterized by a unique sound. Water, fire, rain, wind, and even an earthquake are all accompanied by sound. Species such as wild cats, birds, and large marine and terrestrial mammals also have organs that produce sound as a way of communication. The human species has developed further systems, tools, and cultural phenomenon such as music, telephones, and radio that allow them to generate, record, transmit and even broadcast sound at inter-planetary levels.

The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound are able to travel through all forms of matter: gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. The matter that supports the sound is called the medium. In space, due to physical limitations, sound cannot travel because space is a vacuum.

Audio is form of sound we hear on television, radio, iPods, and computers. Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analogue recording and digital recording. Acoustic analogue recording is achieved by a small microphone diaphragm that can detect changes in atmospheric pressure (acoustic sound waves) and record them as a graphic representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph (in which a stylus senses grooves on a record). In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying electric current, which is then converted to a varying magnetic field by an electromagnet, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analogue sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Electronically generated sound waves may also be recorded directly from devices such as an electric guitar pickup or a synthesizer, without the use of acoustics in the recording process other than the need for musicians to hear how well they are playing during recording sessions. (Sourceforge, 2009)

Digital recording and reproduction converts the analogue sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by a process of digitization, allowing it to be stored and transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of binary numbers representing samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals, at a sample rate so fast that the human ear perceives the result as continuous sound. Digital recordings are considered higher quality than analogue recordings, not necessarily because they have higher fidelity (wider frequency response or dynamic range), but because the digital format can prevent much loss of quality found in analogue recording due to noise and electromagnetic interference in playback, and mechanical deterioration or damage to the storage medium. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analogue form during playback before it is applied to a loudspeaker or earphones. (Basic Digital Audio Production, 2009)

From here onwards, we will move forward from the technical aspects of sound and audio towards the cognition of music. Cognition refers to the processing of information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. Cognition of cognitive processes can be natural or artificial, conscious or unconscious. Therefore music cognition is a multi-faceted approach to understand the mental processes that support musical behavior. It involves perception, comprehension, memory, attention, and performance. Cognitive theories of how people understand music cover neuroscience, music theory and therapy, computer science, philosophy and linguistics.

Music cognition became a formal academic discipline in the early 1980s with the ‘Society of Music Perception and Cognition’, and the ‘European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music’ being conceived.

3. Cases in which a designer consciously or subconsciously was influenced by music in their work (Wassily Kandinksy & Arnold Schoenberg)

The common factor between music and painting is that they are both compositions. Wassily Kandinsky was fascinated by music’s emotional power and used music as an inspirational tool. Music expresses itself through sound and time. The beauty of music is that it allows a listener a freedom of imagination, interpretation, and emotional response that is not based on the literal but also on the abstract qualities of painting. In other words, one can deduce that music is the language that the soul is affected by in a very powerful manner; music is subtle, invisible, but its effects are tangible and profound, even though it is not always empirically provable. In the words of Friedricch Nietzsche “Without music, life would be a mistake.” Let’s not forget how music had contributed to Albert Einstein’s intellectual performance; he’s also quoted saying. “A table, a chair, a fruit basket and a violin, what else does a man need to be happy? Kandinksy believed in a concept called ‘Gesamtkunstkwek’ or the total work of art. Kandinsky believed that music can respond and appeal directly to the artist’s subconscious and express his spiritual values. The artist went further reiterated that music advances the human to the epoch of greater spirituality (Dabrowski 2007) Spirituality, being that which relieves the human body from the straining emotions that the material world yield when the individual interacts with it; it helps transcend all the negatives that are relayed and absorbed from materialistic dimensions.

Total work of art that is formed by a mixture of language, music, and visual arts as

playing equal roles in a viewer’s perception of art. This was in-part to the synaesthic experiences he had as a child in Moscow when he listened to music, in which sounds generated visual experiences for him. They fed him with what Einstein regards as more important than knowledge, imagination. Kandinsky came up with several new ideas in art relating to human spirituality. One of them was inner necessity. He was devoted to the inner beauty, and deep spiritual desire which was a key aspect of his theoretical research Kandinsky was stimulated by color in an unusual way from childhood. In fact in 1889, he was part of an ethnographic research group that travelled to Vologda region of Moscow.

He states that the houses and churches were decorated with amazing tonalities of color and shimmer, as if he was entering a painting. Kandinsky was also influenced by Helena Blavatsky (1831-1891), she was one of the pioneers of theosophy in modern times. Her theories stated that creation is a geometrical progression, beginning with a single point. Kandinsky further discusses this in the following books “Concerning the Spiritual In Art” (1910) and “Point and Line to Plane (1926)” Being friends with Arnold Schoenberg. Kandinsky expressed this communion between artist and viewer as being simultaneously available to the various sense faculties as well as to the intellect. As Kandinsky painted he theorized that various chords on a piano correspond and associate with colors. He developed a system on geometric figures and relationships and claimed that the circle is the most peaceful shape and represents the human spirit. Kandinsky was a credited and respected pianist and cellist, and he even occasionally composed music. He had spent considerable time studying and pondering upon the affinities between art and music. Like Schoenberg liberated music from tonality, Kandinsky wanted to free art from representation. He believed that abstraction and atonality aimed for the same goal. He even developed a term “inner necessity” In which he stated had mystical sources. Firstly he said that every artist as a creator must give expression to what is characteristic of him, secondly characteristic to his nation or epoch, thirdly every artist must present as a servant of art what is unique to art generally.

In comparison to the conventional musical compositions. Schoenberg’s works displayed a radically increased chromaticim and atonality. Kandinksy understood such concepts very well, and realized that he was executing his paintings in the same manner. He rejected the traditional systems of pictorial and representational compositions and instead portrayed harmonious of color and form. Furthermore he distributed these elements equally throughout the composition, without a structure or hierarchy, to achieve a higher state of visual and emotional resonance. There are other biological determined reasons also why Kandinsky was so fascinated with music. He was a synaesthere a person who could see music and hearcolors. The mysticism surrounding this condition was paramount in the particular style of expression that Kandinksy innovated. His paintings were abstract works of emotional states, rather than literal representation of the world that humans normally experience.

Kandinsky was very much engulfed with the rhythm of music and he associated it with specific colors and emotions. It reminded him of an imaginary Moscow, inspired visions of a fairy tale scene from his childhood. As he stated ‘The violins, the deep tones of the basses, and especially the wind instruments at that time embodied for me all the power of that pre-nocturnal hour. I saw all my colors in my mind; they stood before my eyes. Wild, almost crazy lines were sketched in front of me. I did not dare use the expression that Wagnet had painted ‘my hour’ musically.’ (Dabrowski 2007)

The performance conjured for him visions of a certain time in Moscow that he associated with specific colors and emotions. It inspired in him a sense of a fairy-tale hour of Moscow, which always remained the beloved city of his childhood. His recollection of the Wagner performance attests to how it had retrieved a vivid and complex network of emotions and memories from his past. In an instant, Kandinsky realized the tremendous power that art could exert over the spectator and that painting could develop powers equivalent to those of music.

In 1905 Schoenberg pioneered an innovation in the world of art, he introduced a chromatic structure that he defined as a ‘developing variation’. In this movement there was a continuing evolution and transformation of the thematic substance while simultaneously rejecting repetition. This led to a constant unfolding of a musical arrangement in contrast to the symmetrical balances of equal phrases or sections corresponding to thematic content. Thus Schonberg achieved a state in which there was rich structure, dense layers of information, and equally developed parts of composition. These new compositional structures led him toward the ‘free chromaticism’ which placed emphasis on non-harmonic tones and the “emancipation of dissonance.” Such smooth and consistent transformation led a repetition of melodic patterns, resulting in an endowment of innovative and unconventional spiritual depth and evocative strength.

Kandinsky’s philosophical and spiritual approach to things was indeed innovative. I observed that every phenomenon in nature, not just music but art, design, the human body, and even our emotions follow a structural rhythm.

4. Data Collection and Presentation/ Interpretation of Data

My survey consists of five (5) questions that are listed in Appendix 1. I circulated the survey during a period of twenty-four hours among undergraduate university art and design students aged between seventeen and twenty-two. I received back a total of fifteen replies, fourteen from female students and one from a male. My survey is by no-means an exhaustive one, and my results are possibly not transferable to the wider population. The results represent only a limited part of the local population. My results are only indicative.

4.1 Question one: Under what circumstances does music calm you or help you with the creative process?

The vast majority of replies (seven) stated that they like to listen to music when they are stressed. The next big category (four) stated that they listen to music when they are depressed. This was followed by the category of those who like to listen to music when they are angry (three). Then followed the categories boredom, madness, and being energetic (two each). The rest (one each) are: when working, under any circumstance, feeling creative, feeling exhausted, bad mood, when walking, and when concentrating. In contrast, one response to this question was that of never listening to music when thinking or being creative.

Stress	7
Depression	4
Anger	3
Boredom	2
Madness	2
Being energetic	2
Working	1
Feeling creative	1
Any circumstance	1
Exhausted	1
Bad mood	1
When walking	1
Concentrating	1
Never when creating or thinking	1

Table for question 1

My interpretation of the above data is that people like to listen to music when they are stressed, depressed or angry. It is mostly negative thoughts and feelings that push us towards music as a comforting outlet. Only one person states that music supports their creativity.

4.2 Question two: Do you listen to music when you study or are creative?

The vast majority stated ‘yes’ (ten replies) they listen to music when they study or are creative. Three replied they always listen to music when they are being creative, and one replied they sometimes listen to music when they are being creative. Another two replied that they never listen to music when they study or are being creative.

Yes	10
Always	3
Sometimes	1
No	2

Table for Question 2

It is obvious from the majority of the replies that the interviewees listen to music when they study or are creative, and some always insist on listening to music for inspiration. Very few do not listen to music when studying or being creative. From the results, it would seem that listening to music can help channel energy towards one goal, and optimize the chances of success with a certain idea or concept which they would like to execute.

4.3 Question three: What kind of music calms you?

As for the calming effects of music, five people replied that they listen to slow music when trying to calm themselves, three stated that they listened to trance. Another three stated that they listened to rock. Two stated that they listened to either, rock, pop, RnB, Russian pop. Indian classical music, techno, and symphony, and everything except rock received one reply each.

Slow Music	5
Trance	3
Rock	3
Russian Pop	2
Bob Marley	2
Pop	2
RnB	2
Techno	1
Symphony	1
Indian Classical Music	1
Everything except Rock	1

Table for Question 3

The calming effects of music depend on the preference of the listener himself or herself. While the majority of the people mostly listen to slow music, trance, or rock when they are trying to calm themselves down. Some listen to Bob Marley, Russian pop, Pop, or RnB to calm themselves. Thus, the preference of a certain kind of music plays a large part in this respect. We hear a lot of things but we only listen to what we want to listen to, and we process this information based on our own personalities and belief systems.

4.4 Question four: How do you think music affects people?

Four people replied that it changes their mood. Three replied it effects them spiritually. Two replied it calms them down. A further two replied that it makes them happy. The rest (one) individually stated different reasons each such as depends on the type of music, on mood, lyrics, rhythm, energizes them, makes them active, releases energy and calms them.

Changes their mood	4
Effects them spiritually	3
Calms them down	2
Makes them happy	2
Depends on type of music	1
Depends on mood	1
Lyrics	1
Rhythm	1
Energizes them	1
Makes them active	1
Release energy	1
Calms them	1

Table for Question 4

A substantial part of my audience responded that music affects them spiritually, changes their mood, and certainly makes them happy. Some went further and stated that it energizes them and makes them active. Thus it is conclusive from my research and clearly apparent evident that music affects a person in a substantial way.

4.5 Question five: Is music an important aspect of your life? Do you listen to music regularly?

Fourteen replied that music is an important part of their life. Another fourteen stated that is a regular part of their lives, and only one stated that music for them is not important and that they do not listen to music regularly.

Yes	14
Regularly	14
No	1

Table for Question 5

Almost all considered music to be a part of their lives, and that they enjoy listening to music regularly. It was comforting to know that many shared similar views like my own which made my research more concrete and useful in pragmatic application. From my data it is apparent that almost all consider music a part of their livers, and listen to it regularly, only one individual disagreed and replied that music is not important to them.

5. Conclusion

After researching about music and its effect on the mind of the human being, various things and many matters were clarified. My understanding of what sound is, further developed in the following ways. Why we can detect it, the physical phenomenon behind it. Also, I learned about audio and the technicalities behind digital and analogue versions. All phenomena are accompanied by vibrations that species developed organs to detect. If a certain kind of vibration can help us become better designers and enhance our creative and intellectual capacity I doubt that there is any human in this world who would not like to become a smarter individual if he were given the choice. All of my research has been done on young people. Some scientists even claim that it improves infant intelligence, while this is a just a claim. The youngest group had mean of twelve years old.
My research indicates that when creative people are stressed, depressed or angry, they like to listen to music. Most of them like to listen to music when they study or are creative, and the music they prefer to listen to in order of preference, is slow music, trance, rock, pop, reggae, and lastly classical. The interviewees in the majority of cases stated that music changes their mood and affects them spiritually. It even calms them down and makes them happy. For the vast majority of them, music is an important part of their lives.

Even though there are phenomena in this world that cannot be measured or given numerical or quantitative value, for example the emotion of love and friendship. In the same way the effect of music on the person’s mind cannot be always directly measured. However, in my own personal experience and of my peers listening to music helps us calm down emotionally, and focus our energies in a more efficient manner. Even though I cannot prove by absolute certainty that music helps a person in the creative process. It does result in better mood and more energy for a designer to work with more enthusiasm as supported by my own statistics collected from my target audience. The majority of the data that I collected also greatly support that music connects the soul, mind, and creativity together. My personal experience and the historic presence of music in all cultures, since the dawn of civilization, proves that music is a valuable part of our lives.

Many scientists and academics however do have conflicting or not so supporting views. Two teams of researchers in 1999, Christopher F. Chabris and Kenneth M. Steele. Chabris stated that any cognitive enhancement from music is very small and is simply a neuropsychological explanation called ‘enjoyment arousal’. Basically meaning their performance of subjects listening to the music improved because they enjoyed what they were listening to. Thus, performance does improve but scientists differ in opinion as to why exactly it does. If we enjoy listening to music, and appreciate that it helps us emotionally and leads to better design. I certainly do not see anything wrong with using it as a tool to further strengthen my creative endeavors. This research greatly enhanced my understanding of music and painting as a form of creative expression. As compositions, music has time as its disposal, while painting expresses emotion in one moment.

6. Bibliography

D Warfield. 1973. The study of hearing in animals. In: W Gay, ed., Methods of Animal Experimentation, IV. Academic Press, London, pp 43-143.

Basics of digital audio. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://kwave.sourceforge.net/doc/en/digital-audio-basics.html

General, E. (n.d.). Basic Digital Audio Production. Retrieved from http://www.equal-technologies.com/basicdigitalaudioproductiontechniques.html

Independant music, vinyl records and sound recording. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.geared4.co.uk/

Campbell, D. (n.d.). The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind and Unlock the Creative Spirit. United Kingdom: William Morrow & Company.

Dabrowski, M. (n.d.). Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944). Retrieved from http://www.artchive.com/artchive/K/kandinsky.html